12.This doesnt mean that all museum specimens are fatally flawed，notes Pbo. The Neanderthal fossils that were recently sequenced in his own lab，for example，had been part of a museum collection treated in the traditional way. But Pbo is keen to see samples of fossils from every major find preserved in line with Geigls recommendations just in case.

　　Warm and wet

　　13.Geigl herself believes that，with cooperation between bench and field researchers，preserving fossils properly could open up avenues of discovery that have long been assumed closed.

　　14.Much human cultural development took place in temperate regions. DNA does not survive well in warm environments in the first place，and can vanish when fossils are washed and treated. For this reason，Geigl says，most ancient DNA studies have been done on permafrost samples，such as the woolly mammoth，or on remains sheltered from the elements in cold caves including cave bear and Neanderthal fossils.

　　15.Better conservation methods，and a focus on fresh fossils，could boost DNA extraction from more delicate specimens，says Geigl. And that could shed more light on the story of human evolution.

　　(640 words nature )

　　Glossary

　　Palaeontologists 古生物学家

　　Aurochs 欧洲野牛

　　Neanderthal (人类学)尼安德特人，旧石器时代的古人类。

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