"duiqoin" (small households with chimneys emitting smoke)
“朗生”(一无所有,世代为奴)
"nangzan" (hereditary household slaves who were deprived of any means of production and personal freedom)
乌拉差(一种包括徭役、赋税、地(畜)租在内的含义十分广泛的差税总称)
corvee labor - a broad term covering not only corvee, but taxes and levies, and rents for land and livestock
子孙债
debts passed down from previous generations
连保债
debts resulting from joint liability
集体摊派债
debts apportioned among all the serfs
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