Climate change believers and skeptics agree that plans for coastal and low-lying areas must adapt to rising sea levels.

But there is still no consensus to mandate the reduction of carbon fuel emissions to mitigate the effects of global warming. Michaels says the private sector will change over time as innovations bring down the costs of clean energy.

“The best policy is not to do very much about it because technologies will change dramatically over the course of a century. Consider what it was like a century ago, you know. What’s nuclear power or what’s this box I have in my pocket that can access all the information in the world?,” Michaels said.

Werner says the government needs to lead on the issue.

“Yes, the private sector is critical in terms of investment, but the private sector will also tell you, industry after industry will say we need government leadership. We need certainty in terms of policy. That is the most critical thing to enable us to truly move forward,” Werner said.

She says the lesson of Hurricane Sandy is that the cost of doing nothing is rising.

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