Stress is mostly caused by uncertain events. Uncertainty about an event makes it more disturbing. One study found that subjects who were told that they had a 5 percent chance of receiving an electric shock were actually more uneasy than those who were told that they had a 50 percent chance.
People make various attempts to deal with their stressremoving the cause of the stress, seeking the support of friends or reinterpreting the situation to make it seem less unpleasant. Richard Lazarus and his colleagues have made a useful distinction between problemfocused and emotionfocused coping strategies (策略). Problemfocused strategies are those aimed at doing something to change the problem causing the stress. Emotionfocused strategies tend to regulate our distressing emotional responses.
Psychologists Susan Folkman and Richard Lazarus examined undergraduate students' coping strategies at three time periods — two days before a midterm examination; a week later two days before the grades were announced; and five days after the grades were posted. Before the exam, students tended to use such problemfocused strategies as studying — a guaranteed way to reduce the potential problems. After the exam, when their fates were sealed, if they sought
out others, it was usually for emotional support.
Like other animals, humans have always been safer in groups. Besides physical protection, people provide emotional support that can reduce the psychological and physiological symptoms of stress. A lack of support can increase our susceptibility to illness. For instance, shortterm loneliness is associated with a decrease in immune response. In contrast people who have strong social ties are usually more resistant to disease. For instance, after being diagnosed as having a life threatening disease, married people are likely to survive longer than unmarried people.
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