they're there to stay. Instead，

　　the new habits we deliberately press into ourselves create parallel pathways that can bypass those old roads.

　　“The first thing needed for innovation is attraction to wonder， ”says Dawna Markova，

　　author of The Open Mind. “But we are taught instead to‘decide’，

　　just as our president calls himself ‘the Decider’.” She adds，

　　however，

　　that “to decide is to kill off all possibilities but one. A good innovational thinker is always exploring the many other possibilities.”

　　“All of us work through problems in ways of which we're unaware， ” she says. Researchers in the late 1960s discovered that humans are born with the ability to approach challenges in four primary ways： analytically，

　　procedurally，

　　collaboratively (合作地) and innovatively. At the end of adolescence，

　　however，

　　the brain shuts down half of that ability，

　　preserving only those ways of thought that have seemed most valuable during the first decade or so of life.

　　The current emphasis on standardized testing highlights analysis and procedure，

　　meaning that few of us use our innovative and collaborative ways of thought. “This breaks the major rule in the American belief system—that anyone can do anything， ” explains M. J. Ryan，

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