All the adults in the study were shown what they were led to believe was a test version of a new online news magazine.They were also given limited time to look over either a negative or a positive version of 10 pre­selected articles.

　　Each story was also paired with a photograph depicting(描绘) someone of either the younger or the older age group.more likely to choose to read negative articles about those younger than themselves. They also tended to show less interest in articles about older people, whether negative or positive.

　　But younger people preferred to read positive articles about other young people.

　　According to Knobloch­Westerwick, older people's preference for negative news about their younger counterparts can be explained by their place in society.

　　“Everybody likes a self­esteem boost. For young people, though, it's almost automatic. Youth is considered important in society，” she said.

　　After reading the articles, the participants completed a questionnaire designed to measure levels of self­esteem. Unlike their younger counterparts, the self­esteem of older people rose after they read a negative article about younger people.

　　Although the study was done in Germany, Knobloch­Westerwick believes nationality and the national characteristics are not important.

　　20．What do older people think of themselves, according to the text?

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