The dominant orientation of Latin American football, especially at the professional level, has been towards a nationalistic, authoritarian, class-based, and gender-specific manipulation of the sport by political, military, socio-economic, and even cultural elites. In the early years of the century, old-style establishments -- factory management boards and the like-representatives of Latin American's elite, made attempts to form relationships with working-class. At times this took the form of patronage, with an established club funding an affiliated local team. At other times, it took on other dimensions -- managers encouraging the creation of football sides among the workers to foster company loyalty and, perhaps more importantly, to divert employees' attentions away from the more damaging spirit of industrial unrest. In these early relationships formed between the elite and the masses in football, can be seen the origins of one of the most compelling arguments in the analysis of football in Latin America: that football serves as an opiate of the masses, an instrument of mass control.

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