3．

　　Jumping from point to point as it comes to your mind puts the onus（责任）on your listeners to make up for your lack of organisation.And it's confusing for them to listen，reorganise，and figure out what you're saying all at once.But going smoothly from one point to the next helps them understand information more easily.You can arrange things from beginning to end，small to large，top to bottom or by some other order.Just be sure to organise.

　　4．

　　Repeated use of um，ah，like，you know and some other useless noises can drive an audience crazy.It makes the speaker sound uncertain and unprepared，and it can leave listeners so annoyed that they can't pay attention.Recently I attended a speech that was marked by so many ums that audience members were rolling their eyes.Was anybody grasping the intended message？Um，probably not.

　　5．

　　Many speakers finish up their speeches with question­and­answer（Q & A）sessions，but some let the Q & A go on without a clear end.The audience is often left confused about whether the meeting is over and when they can get up and leave.Do your listeners a favour by setting a time limit on questions，and close your speech with a specific signal—even if it's something simple like，“If you have any more questions，you know where to reach me.”

　　Or even more to the point，conclude your speech with“Thanks for your time.”

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