4. Why was Ostrom awarded the Nobel Prize for economics?

　　(No more than 16 words)

　　________________________________________________________________________

　　(4)(10 min.)

　　“Humans aren't alone in suffering failing memory with age，” said US and European scientists, who found aging affects honeybees' ability to find their way home. Researchers at Arizona University and the Norwegian University of Life Sciences say the bees' learning behavior, critical to leading them home as the hive(蜂巢)moves from location to location, becomes worse with age, PhysOrg. com first reported Tuesday.

　　Bees are excellent navigators(领航员), able to return to their home through changing landscapes after visits to flowers far removed from their nests, but the study also shows that aging weakens the bees' ability to erase memories of a former hive site after the colony has settled in a new home, researchers say. Old bees with symptoms of aging tended to return to the former nest site, despite finding it uninhabited and unusable, the study found. But the phenomenon was not universal, the researchers said.

　　“Although many old bees fail in learning tasks, we also discovered that a few still perform with excellence，” Daniel Munch, a senior life sciences researcher in Norway, says.

　　The scientists say their findings offer a new means to model and understand the variability found in brain function between individuals, as some individuals' memories remain undamaged while others' learning behavior becomes worse with age.

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