* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 六、主动语态与被动语态 在英语学习中,语态的难点不再是被动语态的构成形式,而是在具体的语境中如何判断是该使用主动语态还是被动语态。同时还要了解不能使用被动语态的场合,因为有时候用主动形式来表示被动意义: 1.系动词feel, look, smell, taste, sound等后跟形容词、名词等时。 The dish tastes delicious. 这菜味道好极了。 The lake smells terrible. 这个湖发出难闻的气味。 2.当cut, read, sell, wear, write, wash, cook, lock, shut, dry等表示主语的某种性质且动词带状语修饰语时。 This pen writes well. 这支钢笔很好使。 The kind of cloth washes easily. 这种布很好洗。 3.want, need, require, deserve表示“需要”时,其后用动名词的主动形式表达被动意义。在这种情况下,句子的主语在逻辑上是v.-ing的宾语。 Your hair needs cutting. 你的头发需要剪了。 His shoes want mending. 他的鞋子需要修补。 4.be worth doing中用主动表达被动含义。 The song is worth listening to. 5.be to let, be to blame用主动表被动含义。 The house is to let. 此房子要出租。 6.在“be+形容词+to do”中,不定式的逻辑宾语是句子的主语,用主动表被动含义。 This kind of water isn't fit to drink. The question is difficult to answer. 不能用被动语态的情况: 1.当句子的宾语是反身代词、相互代词、动词的同源宾语时。 He can dress himself. 2.当句子的宾语是行为者(主语)身体上某一部分时。 The old man broke his(=the old man's) legs. 3.宾语是不定式或动词的-ing形式时,不可用于被动语态。 Jack hoped to meet Jane. Mr. Smith enjoyed listening to music. ◆链接 短语动词的被动语态 短语动词由“动词+介词/副词”构成,短语动词是一个不可分割的整体,变为被动语态时不可去掉构成短语动词的介词或副词。 We can't laugh at him.→He can't be laughed at by us. Have you sent for a doctor?你派人去请医生了吗? →Has a doctor been sent for?派人去请医生了吗? Time must be made full use of.一定要充分利用时间。 注意:主动结构的谓语动词为“及物动词+名词+介词”构成及物的短语动词时,通常把它看成一个整体。但也可将这类短语动词本身的名词用作主语,构成被动语态,尤其是在名词前有定语修饰时。 The nurse is taking good care of the sick man. →The sick man is being taken good care of by the nurse. →Good care is being taken of the sick man by the nurse. ◆辨析 被动语态与系表结构的区别:被动语态中的过去分词是谓语动词,表示动作;系表结构中的过去分词相当于形容词,表示状态。 When I woke up the next morning, I found the whole yard was covered with snow.(系表结构) The expressway was covered by the heavy snow and had to be closed.(被动语态) ◆链接 get型被动语态 由“get+及物动词的过去分词”构成的被动语态,叫get型被动语态。 The patient got treated once a week. 那位病人一周治疗一次。 Please hurry up and get dressed. 请赶快,穿好衣裳。 He got hurt while playing football. 他在踢足球时受伤了。 ◆辨析 ①He was blamed for his carelessness. ②What a terrible mistake you have made! You are to blame. 只有当表示“应该受到责备”时,才能用主动形式表示被动;如果表示“受到责备”,则仍用被动式。 【2012重庆卷】27. Food supplies in the flood-stricken area ______.We must act immediately before there’s left. A. have run out
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