The early years of development are critical years for learning about oneself. The sport setting is one where valuable ex- periences can take place.

　　Young athletes can, for example, learn how to cooperatewith others, make friends, and gain oth- er social skills that will be used throughout their lives. Coaches and parents should be aware, at all times, that their feedback to youngsters can greatly affect their children. Youngsters may take their parents' and coaches' criticisms to heart and find a flaw(缺陷) in themselves.

　　Coaches and parents should also be cautious (小心)that youth sport participation does not become work for children. The outcome of the game should not be more important than the process of learning the sport and other life lessons.

　　In today's youth sport setting, young athletes may be worrying more about who will win instead of enjoying themselves and the sport. Following a game, many parents and coachesfocus on the outcome and find fault with youngsters' performances. Pos- hive (正面的) reinforcement (强化) should be provided regardless of the outcome. Research indicates that positive rein- forcement motivates and has a greater effect on learning than criticism. Again, criticism can create high levels of stress, which can lead to bum out.

　　1. An effective way to prevent the bum out of young athletes is_______.

　　A. to reduce their mental stress

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