D. Hoy's family encouraged him to become a baseball player.

　　答案：

　　Managers and office busybodies might be keen on a clean desk--but it seems that in terms of productivity, they could have it all wrong. A messy desk can actually lead people towards clearer thinking, say researchers from Germany.

　　The researchers found in a series of linked studies- using a messy desk and a messy shop front ---that people actually thought more clearly when all around was chaos, as they sought to simplify the tasks at hand. That is ,visual and mental clutter（杂乱）forces human beings to focus and think more clearly. For instance, famous thinkers and writers such as Albert Einstein and Roald Dahl have been notorious for their untidy desks.

　　“Messy desks may not be as detrimental as they appear to be, as the problem-solving approaches they seem to cause can boost work efficiency or emhance employees’ creativity in problem solving,” say the authors.

　　Oddly, the effect seems to work most on conservatives-political liberals are less liable to be worried about mess in the first place, say the researchers.

　　“Business and government managers often promote ‘clean desk’ policies to avoid disorganized offices and messy desks, for the purpose of boosting work efficiency and productivity.” Writes a researcher, Jia Liu of the University of Groningen, “This practice is based on the conventional wisdom that a disorganized and messy environment can clutter one’s mind and complicate one’s judgments”

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