All the babies died before the first year.But clearly there was more than language deprivation(剥夺，丧失)．What was missing was good mothering.Without good mothering, in the first year of life especially, the ability to survive is seriously affected.

　　Today no such extreme deprivation exists as that ordered by Frederick.Nevertheless, some children are still backward in speaking.Most often the reason for this is that the mother is insensitive to signals of the baby, whose brain is programmed to mop up language rapidly.There are critical times, and it seems when children learn more rapidly.If these sensitive periods are neglected, the ideal time for acquiring skills passes and they might never be learned so easily again.

　　Linguists suggest that speech milestones are reached in a fixed order and at a constant age, but there are cases where speech has started late in a child who eventually turns out to be of high IQ.

　　Recent evidence suggests that a baby is born with the ability to speak.What is special about man’s brain, compared with that of the monkey, is the complex system which enables a child to connect the sight and feel of, say, a teddy bear with the sound pattern “teddy bear”．

　　But speech has to be induced(引导), and this depends on interaction between the mother and the child, where the mother recognizes the signals in the child’s babbling(咿呀学语), clinging, grasping, crying, smiling, and responds to them.Insensitivity of the mother to these signals reduces the interaction because the child gets discouraged and sends out only the obvious signals.Sensitivity to the child’s non­verbal(非语言的) signals is basic to the growth and development of language.

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