第26讲

　　阅读简答（1）

　　(2011·湖南卷)Two weeks ago, I had a quarrel with my husband.After he had driven off in anger, I realized that I wasn't going to feel any better just sitting there. Feeling abandoned and guilty, I put on my gym shoes to get some fresh air.

　　Our driveway has a slope(斜坡) that is easier just to jog down if you are lazy, taking advantage of gravity. Instead of stopping at the end of the slope, I decided to see if I could just jog to the end of the street. I had tried a few months ago and failed miserably. Since that first attempt I had been jogging regularly and was significantly fitter, but still very lazy. However this time around I managed to reach the stop sign with ease and I figured I would go a little further.

　　After about one kilometer, however, I noticed that my upper body was tense. To make the movement easier I had to relax my body, and tried to take deep breaths of fresh air.

　　I kept giving myself the excuse to stop. No one would be disappointed. No one would even know. But I didn't stop. I wanted to keep going harder, better, faster, stronger. To my great surprise, I ran 4.9 km in 31 minutes. When I got back, I had tears in my eyes. I did something I thought I could never do.

　　It was the first long run of my life. Since then, I have improved my stride(步幅) and time.After every run I feel fitter, happier and motivated to keep progressing. I love the runner's high. I normally jog because I want to look good. I want to run because it makes me feel good.

　　81．Why did the author feel guilty？(No more than 9 words)(2 marks)

　　______________________________________________

　　82．What did the author fail to do miserably a few months ago? (No more than 11 words)(2 marks)

　　______________________________________________

　　83．What excuses did the author keep giving herself to stop？(No more than 9 words) (3 marks)

　　______________________________________________

　　84．How is running different from jogging to the author？(No more than 14 words) (3 marks)

　　______________________________________________

　　本文为记叙文。记叙了作者第一次长跑的经历。

　　81. She had a quarrel with her husband. (2分)细节理解题。根据第一段第一句可知答案。

　　82. She failed to jog to the end of the street. (2分)细节理解题。根据第二段第二、三句可知答案。

　　83. No one would be disappointed or even know. (3分) 细节理解题。根据第四段第二、三句可知答案。

　　84. Running makes her feel good while jogging makes her look good. (3分)细节理解题。根据最后一段最后一句可知答案。

　　阅读简答题评分标准：

　　(1)语意相同或相近且语法正确，酌情给分。

　　(2)实词拼写错误，每个扣0. 5分，但所扣分数不超过该题总分。

　　(3)语法错误，每处扣0. 5分，但所扣分数不超过该题总分。

　　(4)各小题均不得超过规定词数，否则酌情扣分。

　　示例：

　　81. (1) She did something wrong. (扣1分)

　　(2) A quarrel或Had a quarrel. (扣1分)

　　82. (1)She didn't manage to go to the end of the street. (扣1分)

　　(2)(To) the end of the street. (扣1分)

　　示例：

　　83. (1) I would never disappoint anybody if I stopped. (扣1分)

　　(2) No one would be disappointed. (扣1.5分)

　　(3) No one would even know. (扣1.5分)

　　示例：

　　84. (1) I jog to look good and run to feel good. (扣 0.5分)

　　(2) At every run she feels fitter, happier and motivated to keep progressing. (扣1.5分)

　　(3) She jogs because she wants to look good. (扣1.5分)

　　(4) She wants to run because it makes her feel good. (扣1.5分)

　　(5) At every run I feel fitter, happier and motivated to keep progressing. (扣2分)

　　一、明确设题类型

　　通过对2007、2008、2009、2010年湖南省4套阅读简答题的分析，我们可以总结出该题型的命题设计类型一般有以下四种：同义词和近义词猜测型；具体细节理解型；概括主旨大意和确定文章标题型；判断推理写作态度和意图型。

　　二、解题步骤

　　1．正确审题：一是对问题的内容正确理解；二是对问题的要求准确把握。

　　2．查找相关信息，使答案有据可查、有本可依，保证答案内容正确。

　　3．正确表达答案要有针对性，避免答非所问。

　　三、解题技巧

　　1．合理安排答题时间：该题参考的合适时间是10分钟，即6分钟阅读文章和题目要求，4分钟书写答案和检查核对。

　　2．书写答案时，要注意大小写和标点符号。即使答案只有一个单词或短语，第一个字母也要大写，而且别忘了用英文句点。

　　3．注意表达的简洁性，不要增加与原文无关的内容，同时应用压缩和组织信息的方法。

　　4．答案表述时不能出现时态、句式、词形等语法错误，同时还要尽量注意表达对称和前后左右的语言形式。

　　5．答问的协调性。一定要注意提问方式和答案的协调性。不同类型的问题要求有不同形式的回答，不能仅仅为了答案的简洁而忽略了问题与回答在形式上的对应。例如，就目的提问，答案就应当用表示目的用语，如for短语，不定式短语；就原因提问，答案应当用because of 短语或because 从句；就事件的可能性提问，答案通常用简短而完整的简单句；提问词是what，多用名词或名词性短语、名词性从句来回答；提问词是how，则多用“by doing sth./ by means of sth.” 的形式回答。

　　四、词义猜测型、细节理解型的具体解题方法

　　这类题的目的在于考查考生转述(paraphrase)或解释(explain)某个词或语句在特定场合下的特定含义的能力。该类题要求考生不仅要读懂原文，而且要表达出来。要注意该题型与阅读理解题中的词义猜测题略有不同，它通常要求从本篇文章中找到与画线部分生词或短语意思相同的熟悉的词或短语。考查考生通过上下文，结合已知的信息，猜测尚不熟悉的词或短语，进一步考查对文章词句的理解深度。

　　词义猜测型

　　该类题常见的设题方式有：

　　① Find in the passage a word closest in meaning to the underlined word.

　　② The word “…” in line …/ paragraph…refers to…

　　③ The expression “…” in line …/ paragraph…is closest in meaning to…

　　解答这类题时，要注意找出原词在文章中的同义替换词。如果没有，还要注意破折号、同位语从句、定语从句、插入语等具有解释、说明作用的语言成分。

　　该类题与传统的词义猜测题不同的一点在于，它要求考生在通读全文或文章一部分的基础上找出一个与文章中特定的词同义或近义的词，而不是从所提供的备选选项中直接选出答案。要做好此类题，首先要具备一定的词汇量和必要的语法知识，同时，还要有一定的阅读技巧。文章中的每一个词都与文章本身有着众多的联系，通过分析这些因素，我们就会得出阅读材料中某个词的明确意义。

　　我们可以采用以下方法做题：

　　①直接定义猜词法；②利用标志词或标点符号猜词；③利用定语从句、同位语从句等句法现象猜词；④依据文章中的逻辑关系猜词；⑤利用构词法猜词；⑥利用上下文信息或暗示猜词。

　　细节理解题所占比重最大，以how, what, why提问的问题为主。做题时首先要审清题目要求，然后用直接定位的方法找到所需要的细节在文章中的出处。一般来说，考生在文章中找到答案出处并不太难。但关键是如何从答案出处中归纳出问题的答案，因为简答题要求考生要用最简短的语言回答，而不能原封不动地照搬原文的整句话。所以，需要转换表达方式，通常可采用词语替代、词类转换、分句合并和句型转换等方式来达到这个目的。

　　细节理解型

　　压缩信息常见的解决方法有：

　　1．短语单词化

　　例：We are not_in_favor_of smoking in public places.

　　→We're against smoking in public places.

　　练：It is time to put_an_end_to racial discrimination.

　　→It is time to end racial discrimination.

　　2．句子短语化

　　例：The girl who_had_been_caught_stealing was set free at last.

　　→The girl caught_stealing was set free at last.

　　练：While_he_was_reading_the_book,_he heard a loud noise.

　　→Reading_the_book，he heard a loud noise.

　　3．符号替代法

　　例：One_dollar_and_eighty­seven_cents was all Della had saved.

　　→$1.87 was all Della had saved.

　　练：Jack's apartment is one_hundred_and_

　　two_square_meters.

　　→Jack has an apartment of 102m2.

　　4．间接替代法

　　例：China as well as some other countries won't_threaten_any_other_country,_for_it_never_has_the_intention_to_invade_other_countries.

　　→A_peace­loving_country like China won't be threatening.

　　练：The judge punished those_who_had_driven_too_fast by fining 200 yuan each.

　　→Those_over­speeding_drivers/The_traffic­law_breakers were punished by the judge.

　　5．转换法

　　(1)词语替代法。此法是指用词性相同的同义词，近义词或同义词组，反义词组对原句的某些成分进行简单的替代，而句子的结构保持不变。

　　例：Is Meimei at_home?

　　→Is Meimei in?

　　练：An idea suddenly came_to_my_mind.

　　→ An idea suddenly occurred_to_me.

　　(2)词类转换法。此法是指利用某些派生词或词性相异的词组来替代原句中的某些成分，这时句子结构会发生变化。

　　例：The_rain_was_very_heavy last night.

　　→ It rained_heavily last night.

　　(3)合并分句法。把两个意义相关的简单句合并为一个简单句。

　　例：He is a new teacher. He_is_called Sun Jun.

　　→He is a new teacher called Sun Jun.

　　练：The woman is our new director. She_is_wearing_red_clothes.

　　→The woman in_red_/_wearing_red_clothes is our new director.

　　(4)句型转换法。句型转换是句子类别的转换，它要求学生对所学的句子结构和词形的变化做到概念清楚，运用准确。

　　①比较状语从句句型转换：最高级＝比较级＋than any other/the other…＝no other ＋原级as…

　　例：Li Lei is taller_than_any_other_student in his class.

　　→ Li Lei is the_tallest_student in his class.

　　练：This flower is more_beautiful_than_any_other flower at the exhibition.

　　→No_other_flowers_are_as_beautiful_as_this_one

　　at the exhibition.

　　→This_flower_is_the_most_beautiful_one

　　at the exhibition.

　　②状语从句与不定式转换

　　例：The little girl was so_tired_that_she_couldn't_go farther.

　　→The little girl was too_tired_to_go farther.

　　练：The bear wants to climb the tree in_order_that_it_can get the apple on it.

　　→The bear wants to climb the tree in_order_to get the apple on it.

　　③宾语从句与不定式转换

　　例：We all hope that_we_will_be_able_to_play games on the sports field.

　　→We all hope to_play games on the sports field.

　　练：He_ordered_that_we_should do our homework in the classroom after school.

　　→He ordered_us_to do our homework in the classroom after school.

　　④从句转换

　　例：He will miss the train if_he_does_not_take_a_taxi.

　　→He will miss the train unless_he_takes_a_taxi.

　　⑤从句与分词、动名词转换

　　例：When_I_was_going_shopping_yesterday,_I came_

　　across an old friend of mine.

　　→ Going_shopping_yesterday,_I met an old friend of mine.

　　练：I suggest that_you_should_phone your aunt before turning_up at her house.

　　→I suggest you_calling your aunt before visiting her house.

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