“All of us work through problems in ways of which we're unaware，”she says. Researchers in the late 1960s discovered that humans are born with the ability to approach challenges in four primary ways：analytically，procedurally，

　　collaboratively (合作地) and innovatively. At the end of adolescence，however，the brain shuts down half of that ability，preserving only those ways of thought that have seemed most valuable during the first decade or so of life.

　　The current emphasis on standardized testing highlights analysis and procedure，

　　meaning that few of us use our innovative and collaborative ways of thought.“This breaks the major rule in the American belief system—that anyone can do anything， ” explains M. J. Ryan，author of the 2006 book This Year I Will…and Ms. Markova's business partner.“That's a lie that we have preserved，and it fosters commonness. Knowing what you're good at and doing even more of it creates excellence.”This is where developing new habits comes in.

　　21．Brain researchers have discovered that______.

　　A．the forming of new habits can be guided

　　B．the development of habits can be predicted

　　C．the regulation of old habits can be transformed

　　D．the track of new habits can be created unconsciously

　　2．The underlined word“ruts”in Paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to________.

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