The UCLA study included 275 families with children between 2 months and 48 months old. They represented a variety of incomes and education. The researchers found that, in an average day, children hear about 13,000 spoken words from adults and participated in about 400 adultchild conversations a day.

　　Assessed separately, factors positively associated with language development included each additional 100 conversations a day and each 1,000 word increase in the number of words spoken by adults and heard by children. When looked at alone, TV was negatively associated with language development. But, when the three factors were analyzed together, the only one that stood out was conversation between adults and children.

　　“The more a child speaks and interacts with an adult, the better idea a parent has about where the child is，” Zimmerman said. “Although it’ s mostly done unconsciously, parents will provide feedback and correct mistakes. They’ll also tailor their speech to the child. Parents can give a child words by talking to them about what they’ re doing, such as，‘I’m putting on your pajamas now’. But give your child the opportunity to talk, hopefully without the rest of the noise in the environment，” she added. “If parents can carve out some conversation time — maybe at bath time or at dinner time — that’ s a wonderful thing.”

　　46．The researchers also found that TV viewing ________.

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