A professor's teaching method is another factor (因素) that determines the degree and type of student participation. Some professors prefer to control discussion while others prefer to guide the class without controlling it. Many professors encourage students to question their ideas. Students who object to the professor's point of view should be prepared to prove their positions.

　　In the teaching of science and mathematics, the controlling mode of instruction is generally traditional, with teachers presenting formal lectures and students taking notes. However, new educational trends have turned up in the humanities and social sciences in the past twenty years. Students in edcuation, society, and history classes, for example, are often required to solve problems in groups, design projects, make pressentations, and examine case studies. Since some college or university courses are“practical” rather than theoretical, they pay more attention to “doing”for themselves.

　　59“Participation in the classroom is not only accepted but also expected of the student” in many courses except in .

　　Ascience and mathematics  Bthe humanities and social sciences

　　Cinformal lecture courses  Ddiscussion courses

　　60From the passage we know that education in the humanities and society.

　　Ahas not changed much  Bpay attention to students' studying instead of teachers' teaching

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