4.其他形式的感叹句 单词、短语和陈述句、疑问句等可以表示感叹。 Excellent!好极了! The design and the colours!多美的图案和色彩! To sell such a suit to a millionaire! 竟然把这样一套衣服卖给一个百万富翁! 一、倒装 1.全部倒装 (1)here,there,in,out,up,down,away,now,then等表地点、方位、时间的副词放在句首时应使用全部倒装。 Out rushed the children. (2)in the distance,east of等地点状语放在句首时使用全部倒装。 Beyond the river lives an old fisherman.
(3)充当表语的现在分词、过去分词、形容词、介词短语可提至句首构成“表语+系动词+主语+其他”的倒装句式。 Sitting around the camping fire were all the tourists from Shanghai. 【注意】 若主语为人称代词,而不是名词的话,则不用倒装。使用倒装结构时,句子时态通常为一般现在时或一般过去时。 2.部分倒装 (1)only修饰副词、介词短语或状语从句且放在句首时。 Only in this way can we learn English well. (2)否定副词never, nor, not,hardly, little, seldom等置于句首时。 Not a single mistake did he make. (3)so, neither/nor表示“也”出现在句首时。 Lily can't ride,neither/nor can Lucy. (4)在so...that...结构中so+adj./adv.置于句首时,so所在的分句用部分倒装。 So clearly does he speak English that he can always make himself understood. (5)as(尽管)引导让步状语从句时常将从句中的表语、动词或副词提到句首,主谓顺序不变。 Child as he is,he knows a lot. (6)if引导的虚拟条件句中,如果从句的谓语动词含有were, had, should等,可将if省略,将这些词提到句首。 Had it been possible,would you have done it? 二、强调 1.强调句型 结构:It is/was+被强调部分+that+其他部分。 如果被强调的部分是人,可用who代替that。 (1)时态的运用 强调句中的时态要依原句的时态来确定用is还是was。即原句为过去的某种时态,则强调句中就用was;若原句为现在的某种时态,强调句中就用is。 (2)句型变化 ①be动词置于句首构成一般疑问句。 Was it in the park that you met him? ②特殊疑问词+be+ it+ that...?构成特殊疑问句。 What was it that prevented him from coming in time? ③否定疑问句需在主句上进行变化。 Couldn't it be by plane that he went to France? ④反意疑问句必需和主句一致。 It was at ten last night that I knew the news,wasn't it? (3)人称和数的运用 被强调的部分如果是句子的主语,that/who之后的谓语动词在人称和数上应与句子的主语保持一致。 It is I that/who am your friend that will come to help you. (4)对not...until...结构的强调 强调not until句型的时间状语时,要把not与until放在一起。 It was not until 10 o'clock that I finished my homework. 2.谓语动词的强调 强调句型不能强调谓语,如果需要强调谓语,用助动词do,did或does。 He did write to you last week. 【注意】 这种强调结构只有一般现在时和一般过去时两种,只对肯定的谓语动词进行强调,没有疑问和否定形式。 3.强调句型与相关句型的辨析 (1)与定语从句的辨析 ①It was in the factory that they met for the first time. ②It was the factory where they met for the first time. 句①为强调句型,强调的是地点状语in the factory,该句可还原为:They met in the factory for the first time. 句②为含有一个定语从句的主从复合句,where引导的定语从句修饰先行词the factory,并在从句中作地点状语,不可用that。 (2)与主语从句的辨析 ③It is the Great Wall that they are going to visit. ④It's true that they are going to visit the Great Wall. 句③为强调句型,强调的是宾语the Great Wall,该句可还原为:They are going to visit the Great Wall. 句④为含有一个主语从句的复合句,that引导的从句是句子的真正主语,it为形式主语,该句可改为;That they are going to visit the Great Wall is true. (3)与状语从句的辨析 ⑤It was at 8 o'clock that he arrived home. ⑥It was 8 o'clock when he arrived home. 句⑤为强调句型,强调的是时间状语at 8 o'clock,该句可还原为:He arrived home at 8 o'clock. 句⑥为含有时间状语从句的主从复合句。 (4)与同位语从句的辨析 ⑦It is the fact that has made us unhappy. ⑧It is a fact that he has lost the game by one score. 句⑦为强调句型,强调的是主语the fact,该句可还原为:The fact has made us unhappy. 句⑧为同位语从句,that 引导的从句解释的是a fact 的内容。 三、省略 在英语语言中,为了使语言简洁明了,重点突出或上下文紧密相连,可以省去某些句子成分而保持句子原意不变,这种语言现象称之为省略。现就英语中的种种省略现象分析如下: 1.并列复合句中的省略 在并列句中后边的分句可以省略与前边分句中相同的成分。 The boy picked up a coin in the road and (the boy) handed it to a policeman. 这个男孩在马路上拾起一枚硬币并把他交给了警察。 Tom must have been playing basketball and Mary (must have been)doing her homework. 汤姆肯定一直在打篮球,玛丽一直在写作业。 2.主从复合句中的省略 (1)状语从句中的省略 一般说来省略现象多出现在下列五种状语从句中:由when,while,as,before,after,till,until,once等引导的时间状语从句;由whether,if,unless等引导的条件状语从句;由though,although,even if等引导的时间状语从句;由as(so)...as...,than等引导的比较状语从句;由as,as if,as though等引导的方式状语从句。上述状语从句在省略时应遵循下面原则: ①当状语从句的主语与主句的主语一致时,可以省略状语从句的主语和系动词be。 Work hard when (you are) young,or you'll regret. 趁年轻要努力学习,要不然你会后悔的。 He looked everywhere as if (he was) in search of something.他到处看似乎在找什么东西。 The exhibition is more interesting than(it was)expected. 这次展览比预料的有趣的多。 ②当从句的主语和主句的宾语一致时,间或也有这样的省略。 Her father told her to be careful when(she was)crossing the street.当她过马路时,父亲告诉她要当心。 ③当从句的主语是it,谓语动词中又含有系动词be时,可以把it和系动词be一起省略。 Unless(it is)necessary,you'd better not refer to the dictionary.如果没有必要,你最好不要查词典。 (2)定语从句中的省略 ①一般说来,在限制性定语从句中,作宾语的关系代词that,which,whom可以省略。 Where is the book(which) I bought this morning? 今天上午我买的那本书在哪儿? ②当先行词为表示方式的the way且关系词指代the way在从句中作状语时,从句不能用how来引导,应该用that或in which,或将它们全部省略。 I don't like the way (that/in which) you laugh at her. 我不喜欢你嘲笑她的方式。 (3)名词性从句中的省略 ①在know,think,consider等动词后所接的宾语从句中,连词that可以省略,但只有第一个that可以省略,其余的则不可以省。 He said (that) the text was very important and that we should learn it by heart. 他说这篇课文非常重要,要我们一定要用心学。 ②由which,when ,where,how和why引导的宾语从句,除连词外,可全部或部分省略。 She will
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