D. turning pages of a book
B
Exercise, such as walking, can reduce the risk of diabetes (糖尿病) in people whose blood sugar is starting to rise. That outcome was shown in a large study. Despite trying hard, those who dieted and worked out lost very little weight. But they did manage to maintain a regular walking program, and fewer of them went on to develop diabetes.
Exercise also may reduce the risk of heart disease. There seems to be some effect: Most of the heart protection appears to be realized by walking regularly. More intense exercise has been shown to provide only slightly greater benefits.
Active people are much less likely to smoke; they’re thinner and they eat differently than people who are less active. They also tend to be more educated, and education is one of the strongest predictors of good health in general and a longer life. As a result, it is impossible to know with confidence whether exercise prevents heart disease or whether people who are less likely to get heart disease are also more likely to be exercising.
Still, in rigorous studies in which elderly people were assigned either to exercise or maintain their normal routine, the exercisers were less likely to fall, perhaps because they got stronger or developed better balance. Exercise may prevent broken bones—but only indirectly.
And what about weight loss? Lifting weights builds muscles but will not make you burn more calories. Jack Wilmore, an exercise physiologist at Texas A & M University, calculated that the average amount of muscle that men gained after a serious 12-week weight-lifting program was 2 kilograms, or 4.4 pounds. That added muscle would increase the metabolic rate (代谢率) by only 24 calories a day.
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