This shaming punishment has increased in the US in recent years，mostly imposed (强加) by local judges for less－serious crimes，such as drunk driving and theft.

　　They believe shame is the best petty crime deterrent (威慑)．For example，in Tennessee，Judge James McKenzie has made shoplifters stand outside Wal－Mart with signs that read，“I am a thief put here by order of Judge McKenzie.”

　　“Alternative punishments like community service and fines don’t convey moral condemnation of the criminal，” said Dan Kahan，a University of Chicago Law School professor，in an article published on the university’s website.“They aren’t shameful enough.”

　　Supporters of shaming punishment argue that public shaming is a good way of expressing community values.Some judges say shamed offenders seldom repeat their crimes.

　　Others aren’t so sure.“There is little evidence to suggest that shaming punishments are successful in preventing people from committing specific crimes.And a shamed criminal may face a hard battle to regain trust in society，” said Hosmanek.“So，a shaming punishment may force the offender into more crimes to support himself.”

　　41．According to the passage，wearing a toga in public is a(n)________．

　　A．honour

　　B．shame

　　C．duty

　　D．crime

　　42．Connolly was punished for________.

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