Indeed, there have been times when wolves have been seen one moment howling in a chorus(合唱), and the next, quarreling among each other. It appears that usually the lowest-ranking members of the pack may actually be “punished” for joining in the chorus at times. So is howling a way to strengthen a social bond or just a way to reconfirm status (地位) among its members? Why do wolves howl for sure?

　　What is clear, however, is that howling is often used among packmates to locate each other. Hunting grounds are distant and it happens that wolves may separate from one another at times. When this happens, howling appears to be an excellent means of gathering.

　　Howling, interestingly, is a contagious behavior. When one wolf starts to howl, very likely others will follow. This is often seen to occur in the morning, as if wolves were doing some sort of “roll call” where wolves all howl together to report their presence.

　　38. What is the possible similarity between wolves’ howling together and human’s singing in chorus?

　　A. The act of calling each other．

　　B. The sense of accomplishment．

　　C. The act of hunting for something．

　　D. The sense of belonging to a group．

　　Why does Harrington think the “social bond” theory may be wrong?

　　A. Wolves separate from each other after howling．

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