非谓语动词(三)——过去分词 I. 概述:表被动、无名词性 上回已解剖现在分词,其要旨在于表示主动的动作,而既有主动,自有被动。与之相对的被动动作,就由过去分词来表达。两者的基本区别略述如下。 -ed分词与-ing分词同属非谓语动词的家庭。它们这种亲缘关系表现在: 1)它们都不能独立地充当谓语; 2)它们都可在句子其它位置充当多种成分,如定语、状语、补语; 3)它们的成员中都有变节为形容词、介词、从属连词者。 但它们既然为不同的非谓语动词,当然有着各自的特点。其基本区别在于: 1)-ed分词主要表示被动关系,而-ing分词表主动; 2)-ed分词无名词性,故不能涉足主语宾语这些位置,而-ing分词则可以; 3)-ed分词形式单一,只有一种形式,-ing分词则有几种变体。 II.无名词性:永不做主语宾语 1.作主语,不合格 要点一:非谓语动词不讲时态,只讲语态。 (非谓语动词表示不出“时”,只表示主动或被动。Fail与he是主动关系,故用-ing分词。) 例: Nixon lied. It finally led to his resignation. *(His) Lied finally led to Nixon’s resignation. 当动词不作谓语也就是用非谓语动词时,就不再管时态——时态是谓语动词的事;要判断的是主被动的问题。Lie与 Nixon是主动关系,所以用-ing分词。 Lying finally led to Nixon’s resignation.或 Nixon’s lying finally led to his resignation. 考点 要点二:在主语位置,用-ing分词的被动式表被动的动作。 I am forced to struggle desperately with English. That is a tragedy. *Forced to struggle with English is a tragedy. “-ing分词表主动,-ed分词表被动”有一个前提:-ed分词无名词性,不能作主宾语,所以有一个“凡是”:凡是相当于名词的时候,都由-ing分词来担当。如果被动,则用-ing分词的被动式) Being forced to struggle desperately with English is a tragedy. (或My being forced to struggle desperately with English is a tragedy.) I still remember being taken to Beijing for the first time. He narrowly escaped being run over. 他差一点就被车轧着了。 Mark often attempts to escape _____ whenever he breaks traffic regulations. (9506 CET-4) a. having been fined b. to be fined c. to have been fined d. being fined 2.作宾语,不合格 Grammar was misunderstood. She felt disappointed at that. *Grammar felt disappointed at misunderstood. *Grammar felt disappointed at misunderstanding. Grammar felt disappointed at being misunderstood.
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