语法 1. 限制性定语从句 在句中起定语作用,修饰某一名词或代词,或修饰整个主句的从句,叫作定语从句。被定语从句所修饰的词叫作“先行词”。 限制性定语从句:描述主句所涉及的人或物的具体情况,是主句不可或缺的一部分,如省去,主句意义不完整,甚至没有意义。 引导定语从句的关系代词:that,which,who,whom,whose,as。关系副词:where,when,why。 知识要点 限制性定语从句关系代词的一般用法如下表: 关系 代词 指代 在定语从句中所充当的成分 人 物 句子 主语 宾语 定语 表语 who √ √ √ whom √ √ which √ √ √ √ √ √ that √ √ √ √ √ whose √ √ √ as √ √ √ √ √ √ 知识要点 例句:The foreigner who visited our class yesterday is from Canada. 昨天访问我们班的那个外宾是加拿大人。(作主语) The man (whom/who) you met yesterday is my cousin. 昨天你遇见的那个人是我的堂兄。(作宾语) Corn is a useful plant which/that can be eaten by both people and animals. 玉米是一种有用的作物,人、畜均可食用。(指物,作主语) Who is the man that is reading over there? 正在那边看书的人是谁?(指人,作主语,不可省略) 知识要点 His parents wouldn’t let him marry anyone whose family was poor. 他的父母不让他与任何家境贫穷的人结婚。(作定语) China is not the one that it used to be. 中国不再是过去的中国了。(作表语,指物) as用作关系代词,既可指人,也可指物。在定语从句中可作主语、宾语和表语。它常用在the same...as,such...as,as...as,so...as句型当中,as不可省略。 知识要点 例句:Such teachers as know Tom think him bright. 认识汤姆的老师都认为他很聪明。(作主语,指代teachers) I’ll buy the same dictionary as you have. 我要买和你一样的词典。(作宾语,指代dictionary) The teachers today are not the same teachers as they were in the past. 今天的老师和过去不一样了。(作表语,指代teachers) 知识要点 限制性定语从句关系副词的一般用法如下表: 关系副词 指代 先行词 所充当的句子成分 when 时间 时间名词 状语 where 地点 地点名词 状语 why 原因 reason 状语 知识要点 例句:That was a time when there were still slaves in the USA.那个时候,美国仍然有奴隶。 The factory where his father works is in the west of the city. 他父亲工作的那家工厂在城市的西部。 That’s the reason why she spoke. 那就是她要发言的原因。 注意:先行词表示时间、地点时,关系词不总是用when或where。如果关系词在定语从句中作主语或宾语时,就不能用where和when,而要用which或that。 例句:I won’t forget the time that/which we spent in the countryside.(作宾语) 我永远不会忘记我们在农村度过的那段时光。 知识要点 关系副词有时可以用“介词+关系代词”来代替。 例句:We will never forget the day when/on which Hong Kong returned. 我们将永远不会忘记香港回归的那一天。 The city where/in which I was born is becoming more and more developed. 我出生的那个城市现在越来越发达。 The reason why/for which Mr Wu resigned was not very clear. 吴先生辞职的原因尚不十分清楚。 知识要点 2.“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句 在定语从句中能作宾语的关系代词中,只有whom和which可直接置于介词之后构成“prep.+whom/which”这一结构。 (1)当介词放在关系代词前面时,关系代词只能用which或whom,且不可省略。 例句:This is the hero of whom we are proud. 这是我们引以为豪的那个英雄。 This is the pen with which I wrote the letter. 这是我用来写信的那支钢笔。 知识要点 (2)当介词放在定语从句末尾时,可用that,which,who或whom作介词宾语的关系代词且可以省略。以上例句可改写为: This is the hero (that/who/whom) we are proud of. This is the pen (that/which) I wrote the letter with. (3)“复合介词短语+关系代词”引导的定语从句,从句常用逗号与先行词分开。 例句:He lived in a big house,in front of which stood a big tall tree. 他住在前面有棵大树的大房子里面。 注意:在固定搭配的动词短语中,介词不可置于关系代词之前。 例句:This is the pen (which/that) I’m looking for. 这是我正在找的钢笔。(介词for不可提前) 知识要点 (4)关系副词在定语从句中相当于“介词+名词”,如when=on/in/during the time,where=in/at/on the place,why=for the reason,因此关系副词引导的定语从句可以改写为“介词+which”引导的定语从句。 例句:That is the day when (on which) he did the experiments.那一天正是他作实验的日子。 This is the house where (in which) my family used to live.这就是我家以前住过的房子。 知识要点
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