D．Preparing children for college

　　D

　　For many people , Fido and Fluffy are more than just pets. They’re true and equal members of the family. And it’s not hard to see why. Our pets greet us at the door after a long day of work or settle in our laps while we’re watching TV. They provide companionship and even a sense of comfort. We like to believe that our pets are good for us, that they enrich our lives and make us happier, and messages in media and advertising strengthen these beliefs. But is there really a universal “ pet effect” on human mental and physical health?

　　According to Harold Herzog, Professor of Psychology at the Western Carolina University, there simply isn’t strong evidence showing that living with a pet makes for a happier, healthier or longer life. In a new article, to be published in the August issue of Current Directions in Psychological Science, a journal of the Association for Psychological Science, Herzog argues that existing research on pet ownership has produced very conflicting results. While some studies suggest that owning a pet is associated with positive health outcomes like reduced rates of depression ( 抑郁症)or lower blood pressure, other studies suggest that pet owners are no better off and may even be worse off in some ways, than people who don’t own pets.

　　The reason for these,

　　Herzog says, is that studies on pet ownership often suffer from problems, such as lack of appropriate control groups (控制组)and reliance on self-report to measure participants’ health and well-being.

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