2. can not (help/choose) but do,can do nothing but do,have no choice/alternative to do表示“不得不”。
When I consider how talented he is as a painter, I cannot help but believe that the public will appreciate his gift.
3. 作动词expect,like,mean,intend,want,prefer,hate等的宾语时,通常用there to be结构,在mind, object to等后面用there being。作状语多用there being结构。
We don't want there to be any comrades lagging behind.
I don't mind there being a chair here.
There being nobody else at hand, I had to do by myself.
4. 为避免重复,在hope, expect, wish, want, like, love, decide, plan, need, mean, forget, refuse, tell, know, have to, be going to, used to, ought to等动词后面再次出现相同的不定式作宾语时,常出现单独使用的to,而把曾出现过的动词省略掉。但是,如果在省略的不定式结构中含有be, have, have been时,要保留这些词。
John didn't pass his driving test, but I expected him to.
— Hasn't he finished writing the report?
— No, but he ought to have.
— Aren't you the headmaster?
— No, and I don't want to be.
三、不定式、动名词和分词作表语
1.不定式作表语一般表示具体动作,特别是表示将来的动作。动名词作表语,表示抽象的一般性的行为。
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