15.【解析】选A。句意:这个国家在被英国人统治了许多年后终于获得了独立。govern统治。defeat打败, 是瞬间动词; manage管理; command命令。
Ⅱ.
John Wesley Powell是美国西部有名的探险家, 年少时没有受过正规教育, 但他自己进行了很多次科学旅行。
1.【解析】选B。细节理解题。根据第一段中 “When he was young, his mother put him under the guidance of George Crookham, a self-taught scientist, from whom he received a wide but informal education. Young John learned many things about the natural sciences. ” 可知B项正确。
2.【解析】选C。细节理解题。根据第一段中 “But his father preferred him to study religion. The argument continued for three years. ” 可知C项正确。
3.【解析】选C。推理判断题。根据第二段和第三段可以推断出C项不是作者要表达的John的品质。
4.【解析】选B。段落大意题。根据第三段中 “It was one of the greatest trips of discovery in the history of America. . . . The trip was far more dangerous than expected. ” 和 “Powell’s explorations led to. . . which became responsible for all mapping and scientific programs of American lands. ” 可知B项正确。
5.【解析】选D。推理判断题。根据第三段中 “Powell’s explorations led to the creation of the US Geological Survey. ” 可知D项正确。
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