school. In some cases, he gave students incentives based on input,
like reading certain books, while in others, the incentives were based
on output, like results on exams. His main finding was that incentives
increased achievement when based on input but had no effect when
based on output. Fryer's conclusion was that the incentives for inputs
might be more effective because students do not know how to do
better on an exam, aside from general rules like “study harder”. Reading certain books, on the other hand, is a wellset task over
which they have much more control.
As long as you have direct control over your goal, you have a
much higher chance of success. And it's easier to start again if you
fail, because you know exactly what you need to do.
If you want to cut down on your spending, a good goal would be
making morning coffee at home instead of going to a café,
for
example. This is a wellspecified actionbased goal for which you can
measure your success easily. Spending less money isn't a goal because
it's too general. Similarly, if you want to spend more time with your
family, don't stop with this general wish. Think about an actionable
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