The two groups were retested four years later, and the study compared the results with the first test. Both groups contained children whose parents used physical punishment and children whose parents did not. The study says the IQs--or intelligence quotients--of the younger children who were not spanked were five points higher than those who were. In the older group, the difference was almost three points.

　　Murray Strauss from the University of New Hampshire worked with Mallie Paschall from the Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation. Professor Strauss has written extensively about physical punishment of children. He says the more they are spanked, the slower their mental development. He also looked at average IQs in other nations and found them lower where spanking was more common.

　　1．Which could be the best title of the passage?

　　A. Punishment

　　B. The Best Way to Influence Behavior.

　　C. Punishment or Reward: Which Works Better on Behavior?

　　D. Two Recent Studies.

　　2．The underlined word “spanked” probably means______.

　　A. won

　　B. punished

　　C. tested

　　D. praised

　　．According to the passage, the researchers may agree the best way to influence behavior is______.

　　A. rewarding good behavior

　　B. correcting bad behavior

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