The field of regenerative medicine builds on work conducted in the early twentieth century with the first successful transplants of donated human soft tissue and bone.However，donor organs are not always the best option.First of all，they are in short supply，and many people die while waiting for an available organ；in the United States alone，more than 100,000 people are waiting for organ transplants.Secondly，a patient’s body may ultimately reject the transplanted donor organ.An advantage of regenerative medicine is that the tissues are grown from a patient’s own cells and will not be rejected by the body’s immune system.

　　Today，several labs are working to create bioartificial body parts.Scientists at Columbia and Yale Universities have grown a jawbone and a lung.At the University of Minnesota，Doris Taylor has created a beating bioartificial rat heart.Dr.Atala’s medical team has reported long­term success with bioengineered bladders implanted into young patients with spina bifida (a birth defect that involves the incomplete development of the spinal cord)．And at the University of Michigan，H.David Humes has created an artificial kidney.

　　So far，the kidney procedure has only been used successfully with sheep，but there is hope that one day similar kidney will be implantable in a human patient.The continuing research of scientists such as these may eventually make donor organs unnecessary and，as a result，significantly increase individuals’ chances of survival.

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