Creating products out of raw materials creates much more waste material, up to 100 times more, than the material contained in the finished products.Consider again the cell­phone, and imagine the mines that produced those metals, the factories needed to make the box and packaging (包装) it came in.Many wastes produced in the producing process are harmful as well.

　　The U．S.Environmental Protection Agency notes that most waste is dangerous in that “the production, distribution, and use of products—as well as management of the resulting waste—all result in greenhouse gas release.” Individuals can reduce their contribution by creating less waste at the start—for instance, buying reusable products and recycling.

　　In many countries the concept of extended producer responsibility is being considered or has been put in place as an incentive (动机) for reducing waste.If producers are required to take back packaging they use to sell their products, would they reduce the packaging in the first place? Governments' incentive to require producers to take responsibility for the packaging they produce is usually based on money.Why, they ask, should cities or towns be responsible for paying to deal with the bubble wrap (气泡垫) that encased your television?

　　From the governments' point of view, a primary goal of laws requiring extended producer responsibility is to transfer both the costs and the physical responsibility of waste management from the government and tax­payers back to the producers.

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