It's not a straightforward transfer of values. People who perceive their father to have a strong career­orientation are more likely to be career­oriented

　　themselves,

　　but

　　career­determined mothers have no effect on their kids' work orientation.

　　The researchers attributed this to generational gender norms. When the study's participants were teenagers, mostly in the 1980s, men were more commonly employed outside of the home and were more likely than women to hold “career” jobs with opportunity for advancement.

　　Mothers do have a notable effect on whether children have a job­orientation mentality. Teenagers who are close to their mothers are less likely to view work as just a job when they grow up, probably because they've been raised to value social, rather than instrumental, life experiences.

　　Having both parents display the same work ethic has an amplified influence, but only in the case of calling­oriented children.

　　As

　　our

　　society

　　favors

　　money

　　and

　　professional achievement, a child with two calling­oriented parents is more likely to have the confidence to ignore these social pressures and pursue his dreams.

　　Children

　　can

　　affect

　　their

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