二、部分倒装(Partial Inversion) 只把谓语的一部分(多为助动词或情态动词)置于主语之前的句子,叫部分倒装 句。这类句型主要有以下几种: 1.only 修饰副词、介词短语或状语从句,且放在句首时。如: Only in this way can we learn English well. 只有用这种方法我们才能学好英语。 使用特点: (1)在部分倒装句中,如果谓语部分无助动词,则须找助动词来“帮助”它构成 倒装句。如: (✕)Only after the war learned he the sad news. (√)Only after the war did he learn the sad news. 直到战后他才得知那个悲惨的消息。 (2)only 修饰状语从句时,从句不可倒装。如: (✕)Only when did he return did we find out the truth. (√)Only when he returned did we find out the truth. 直到他回来,我们才查明了真相。 (3)only 修饰主语时,句子不可倒装。如: (✕)Only can he answer the question. (√)Only he can answer the question. 只有他能回答这个问题。 2.否定副词never,nor,not,hardly,little,seldom,scarcely,rarely及表否定意义的介 词短语at no time,under/in no circumstances,in no case,by no means,on no condi- tion等置于句首时。如: Never before have I seen such a moving film.=I have never seen such a moving film before. 以前我从未看过这么感人的电影。 Hardly do I think it possible to finish the job before dark.=I hardly think it possi- ble to finish the job before dark. 在天黑之前完成这项工作我认为几乎不可能。 3.六个重要的固定句型: (1)...so+be动词/助动词/情态动词+主语“……也是如此”。 They love having lots of friends;so do I. 他们喜欢交很多朋友,我也是如此。 使用特点: ①此句型也可写成“it is the same with...”,或“so it is with...”。如: They love having lots of friends;it is the same with me/so it is with me. ②如果句意不是“……也是如此”,而仅是对前面内容的肯定或附和(此时的 so=indeed),那么,句子不可使用倒装。试比较: A:I was afraid.(句中的 I 指的是A) B:So was I.(I 指的是B,此句相当于:I was afraid,too.) A:我害怕。 B:我也是。 A:I was afraid.(I 指的是A) B:So you were.(you 指的也是A。此句相当于:Indeed you were afraid.) A:我害怕。 B:你就是这样。 再比较几个句子: A:It is hot. A:天很热。 B:So it is. B:的确如此。 A:He is lazy.A:他很懒惰。 B:So is she.B:她也一样。 (2)...neither(或nor)+be动词/助动词/情态动词+主语,“……也不这样”。 Lily can't ride a bicycle;neither/nor can Lucy. 莉莉不会骑自行车,露西也不会。 使用特点: ①此句型也可写成“it is the same with...”,或“so it is with...”。 Lily can't ride a bicycle;it is the same with Lucy/so it is with Lucy. ②此句型中的neither(或nor)不可用so...not 替代,但可用not...either 改写。如: (✕)I have never been abroad.So hasn't he. (√)I have never been abroad.Neither/Nor has he. (√)I have never been abroad.He has never/not been abroad,either. 我没出过国。他也没有。 (3)So+adj./adv....that...“如此……以至于……”。 So clearly does he speak English that he can always make himself understood. 他说英语说得如此清晰,以至于别人都能听得懂。 使用特点: 在这个句型中,so后面的句子要倒装,而that 引导的句子不倒装。 (4)Neither...,nor...“……不……,……也不……”。 Neither do I know it,nor do I care about it. 我不知道这件事,也不关心。 由于neither 和nor 都是否定词,所以它们后面的分句均需倒装。 (5)Not only...,but also...“不仅……而且……”。 Not only does he like English,but also he learns it well.他不仅喜欢英语,而且学 得好。 使用特点: 此句型也可写成 Not only...but...或Not only...but...as well 的形式,但but(also)引 导的句子必须用正常语序。 (6)Not until...“直到……才……”。 Not until he returned did we have supper. 直到他回来我们才吃晚饭。 使用特点: ①这句话可以改写成:We didn't have supper until he returned.再如: Not until 4:00 in the morning can he fall asleep. =He can't fall asleep until 4:00 in the morning. 直到凌晨4点他才睡着。 ②如果 not until 引导的是句子,until 从句不可倒装,只是主句需要倒装。 三、形式倒装(Formal Inversion) 形式上的倒装在语法上称为前置。它的特点是只把强调的内容提至句首,主 谓并不倒装。这样的结构非常多,但有几个重要的句型需要特别注意: 1.感叹句 What an interesting talk they had! 他们进行了一次多么有趣的谈话呀! How interesting their talk is! 他们的谈话多么有趣呀! 使用特点: 对名词(或中心词是名词)感叹时,用what 引导;对形容词或副词感叹时,用how 引导。 2.the+形容词/副词比较级...,the+形容词/副词比较级...句型 The more you listen to English,the easier it becomes. 你听英语听得越多,它就变得越简单。 The harder you work,the greater progress you will make. 你越努力,取得的进步就越大。 此句型中的前半句相当于一个条件状语从句;后半句相当于一个主句。所以, 上面第二个例句的意思实质上就是:If you work harder,you will make greater progress. 3.whatever+n.或however+adj./adv.引导的让步状语从句 Whatever reasons you have,you should carry out your promise. 无论你有什么理由,你都应当遵守诺言。 However difficult the problem may be,we must work it out this evening. 无论这个问题有多难,今晚我们必须解决它。 使用特点: whatever 后面常接名词;用however时常构成以下形式: However+形容词/副词+主语+... 4.as,though引导让步状语从句时采用形式倒装的情况 (1)表语的倒装 Tired as/though he was,he still went on with his work. 尽管很累,他还是继续工作。 Strange as/though it seems,it is true. 尽管看上去奇怪,这事却是真的。 Exhausted as/though she was,she wasn't able to sleep. 尽管已经筋疲力尽,但她还是睡不着觉。 注意:如果是单数名词或形容词的最高级作表语,前置时要省略冠词。如: Youngest as he is in our class,he speaks English the best. 他虽然是我们班年龄最小的,但他英语说得最好。 (2)谓语动词的倒装 Try as he might,he didn't pass the exam. 尽管他可能努力了,但考试还是不及格。 (3)状语的倒装 Much as he likes the bike,he doesn't want to buy it. 他虽然很喜欢那辆自行车,但并不想买它。 Hard as I studied,I could not catch up with them. 我虽然努力学习,但赶不上他们。 知识清单二 强调 一、强调句型 1.强调句型的一般结构:It is/was+被强调部分+that/who+其他成分。
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