If national stereotypes aren’t rooted in real experiences, then where do they come from? One possibility is that they reflect national values, which may become known from historical events. For example, many historians have argued that the spirit of American individualism (个人主义) has its origins in the experiences of the pioneers on the Old West.

　　Social scientists such as psychologist Richard Robins have given several other possible explanations for stereotypes and why they may be incorrect. Robins notes that some stereotypes may have been correct at one point in history and then remained unchanged while the culture changed.

　　We may be “hard-wired”, to some degree, to keep incorrect stereotypes, since we are less likely to notice and remember information that is different from our stereotypes. Generally, according to Robins, when we meet people who are different from our stereotypes, we see them as unique individuals rather than typical national or cultural groups.

　　32. The stereotype about Italians is ______.

　　A. romantic but disorganized

　　B. friendly and good-tempered

　　C. dreamy and impractical

　　D. strict but thoughtful

　　33. National stereotypes are not always correct because______.

　　A. they are formed by individual historians

　　B. what was true in the past may not be true at the present

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