Simple improvements to infrastructure (基础设施) can reduce the spread of disease.Better sewers (下水道) make it less likely that heavy rain is followed by an outbreak of the disease of bad stomach.Stronger bridges mean villages are less likely to be left without food and medicine after floods.According to a paper in 2011 by Mr Hsiang and co－authors，civil conflict is related to El Niños harmful effects—and the poorer the country，the stronger the link.Though the relationship may not be causal，helping divided communities to prepare for disasters would at least reduce the risk that those disasters are followed by killing and wounding people.Since the poorest are least likely to make up for their losses from disasters linked to El Niño，reducing their losses needs to be the priority.

　　【语篇导读】　本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍的是厄尔尼诺

　　1．What can we learn about El Niño in Paragraph 1?

　　A．It is named after a South American fisherman.

　　B．It takes place almost every year all over the world.

　　C．It forces fishermen to stop catching fish around Christmas.

　　D．It sees the changes of water flow direction in the ocean.

　　答案　D　[细节判断题。根据第一段中的El Nino sees warm water，collected over several years in the western Pacific，flow back eastwards when winds that normally blow westwards weaken，or sometimes the other way round可知，在海洋厄尔尼诺现象引起水流方向的改变。]

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