B．By stating arguments.

　　C．By explaining statistical data.

　　D．By providing research results.

　　答案　D　[篇章结构题。详读全文，可以看出作者是通过提供研究成果来支持文章主题的，故选D项。]

　　Passage 4　(2016·江苏)

　　话题：黑猩猩与合作

　　词数：338

　　Chimps(黑猩猩) will cooperate in certain ways，like gathering in war parties to protect their territory.But beyond the minimum requirements as social beings，they have little instinct (本能) to help one another.Chimps in the wild seek food for themselves.Even chimp mothers regularly decline to share food with their children，who are able from a young age to gather their own food.

　　In the laboratory，chimps dont naturally share food either.If a chimp is put in a cage where he can pull in one plate of food for himself or，with no greater effort，a plate that also provides food for a neighbor in the next cage，he will pull at random—he just doesnt care whether his neighbor gets fed or not.Chimps are truly selfish.

　　Human children，on the other hand，are naturally cooperative.From the earliest ages，they desire to help others，to share information and to participate in achieving common goals.The psychologist Michael Tomasello has studied this cooperativeness in a series of experiments with very young children.He finds that if babies aged 18 months see an unrelated adult with hands full trying to open a door，almost all will immediately try to help.

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