57

　　. Some experts say that women will become more effective managers than men because they have the power to reach common goals in a way that traditional

　　58

　　managers cannot.

　　A recent trend has been to encourage employees to use their own initiative, to make decisions on their own without

　　59

　　managers first. This empowerment (授权) has been part of the trend towards downsizing:

　　60

　　the number of management layers in companies. After de-layering in this way, a company may be

　　61

　　with just a top level of senior managers, front-line managers and employees with direct contact with the public. Empowerment takes the idea of delegation (委托) much further than has

　　62

　　been the case. Empowerment and delegation mean new forms of management control to

　　63

　　that the overall business plan is being followed, and that operations become more profitable under the new organization, rather than less.

　　Another trend is off-site or

　　64

　　management, where teams of people linked by e-mail and the Internet work on projects from their own houses. Project managers evaluate the

　　65

　　of the team members in terms of what they produce for projects, rather than the amount of time they spend on them.

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