There are several factors that contribute to the bystander effect.First，the presence of other people creates a diffusion of responsibility.Because there are other observers，individuals do not feel as much pressure to take action，since the responsibility to take action is thought to be shared among all of those present.

　　The second reason is the need to behave in correct and socially acceptable ways.When other observers fail to react，individuals often take this as a signal that a response is not needed or not appropriate.Other researchers have found that onlookers are less likely to intervene if the situation is ambiguous.In the case of Kitty Genovese，many of the 38 witnesses reported that they believed that they were witnessing a “lover’s quarrel，” and did not realize that the young woman was actually being murdered.

　　Characteristics of the situation can play a role.During a crisis，things are often chaotic and the situation is not always crystal clear.Onlookers might wonder exactly what is happening.During such chaotic moments，people often look to others in the group to determine what is appropriate.When people look at the crowd and see that no one else is reacting，it sends a signal that perhaps no action is needed.

　　So what can you do to avoid falling into this trap of inaction? Some psychologists suggest that simply being aware of this tendency is perhaps the greatest way to break the cycle.When faced with a situation that requires action，understanding how the bystander effect might be holding you back and consciously taking steps to overcome it can help.However，this does not mean you should place yourself in danger.

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