Spillover essentially (本质上)means that the line between work and home begins to become unclear. Work life may invade home life when a parent is taking job-related calls at home, for instance—or family issues may start to take up work time. For example, a child may call mom at work, telling her “microwave exploded”,　explained Noelle Chesley, an assistant professor of sociology at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee and the author of the study. The problem with cell phones seems to be that they are allowing for ever more spillover between work and home.

　　This may be especially true for working women, the study found. Among men, consistent use of mobile phones seemed to allow more work issues to creep (潜入)into family time. But for women, the spillover tended to go in both directions. Being “connected”meant that work cut into home time, and family issues came into work life.

　　Cell phones seem to be opening more lines for stressful exchanges among family members. But there may be ways to control the spillover, according to Chesley. Employers, she said, could look at their policies on contacting employees after working hours to make sure their expectations are“reasonable”. For their part, employees could decide that cell phones go off during family time, Chesley said.

　　1. The underlined phrase“taking a toll on”in Paragraph 1 probably means ______.　

　　A. explainingB. protectingC. extendingD. damaging

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