To reach our goal of losing weight—the output,we need to control what we eat—the input(输入).That is,we tend to care about the output but not to control the input.This is a bad way to construct goals.The alternative is to focus your resolution on the input.Instead of resolving to lose weight,try an actionable resolution:“I’ll stop having dessert for lunch,”or “I’ll walk every day for 20 minutes.”Creating a goal that focuses on a well-specified input will likely be more effective than concentrating on the outcome.

　　Recently a new science behind incentives(激励),including in education,has been discussed.For example,researcher Roland Fryer wanted to see what works best in motivating children to do better in school.In some cases,he gave students incentives based on input,like reading certain books,while in others,the incentives were based on output,like results on exams.His main finding was that incentives increased achievement when based on input but had no effect when based on output.Fryer?s conclusion was that the incentives for inputs might be more effective because students do not know how to do better on an exam,aside from general rules like “study harder”.Reading certain books,on the other hand,is a well-set task over which they have much more control.

　　As long as you have direct control over your goal,you have a much higher chance of success.And it?s easier to start again if you fail,because you know exactly what you need to do.

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