One of the earliest attempts in the Western world to formulate principles of health care based upon rational thought and rejection of supernatural phenomena is found in the work of the Greek physician Hippocrates. Little is known of Hippocrates who lived around 400 B．C.，not even whether he actually authored the collection of books that bears his name.Nevertheless，the writings attributed to him have provided a number of principles underlying modern medical practice.One of his most famous contributions，the Hippocratic Oath，is the foundation of contemporary medical ethics(道德)．Among other things，it requires a physician to swear that he or she will help the sick，keep oneself from intentional wrong－doing or harm，and keep secret all matters to keep the doctor－patient relationship.

　　Hippocrates also argued that medical knowledge should be derived(源自于) from an understanding of the natural sciences and the logic of cause and effect relationships.In this classic thesis，On Airs，Waters，and Places，Hippocrates pointed out that human－being is influenced by the totality of environmental factors：living habits or lifestyle，climate，geography of the land，and the quality of air and food.Interesting enough，concerns about our health and the quality of air，water，and places are still very much written in the twentieth century.

　　6．The topic of the first paragraph is summarized in ________.

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