The researchers said the brain differences are structural and can be measured in the size of specific regions of the brain that appear to be linked with each of the four personality types.For instance,people defined as novelty-seeking personalities had a structurally bigger area in the brain while people with harm-avoidance personalities had significantly smaller volumes of tissue in brain regions.

　　The fact that characteristics are reflected in specific structural differences is useful to know,for instance,when it comes to understanding a child’s behavior and choosing the right approach so that somebody who is,for example,particularly timid,might be helped through education and development.

　　There is no point shouting at a child who is very shy and telling them off,because it does not come naturally to them to put themselves forward.But actually knowing there is a biological basis for this helps educators or parents to use the right approach to help a child to compensate.

　　People who have a reward-dependence personality could,for example,be helped at an early age because they are at risk of turning to drink,drugs or food if they do not get the family support and encouragement they need.

　　“This study shows that personality characteristics are something you are born with,but their full expression can be adjusted during development with the right approach,”said Professor Venneri,who carried out the study with colleagues from the University of Parma in Italy and Washington University in St Louis.

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