In an upcoming report，George A．Bonanno and colleagues note that disasters result in extreme psychological harm in a minority of individuals—less than 30% of samples experience severe levels of these psychological problems. Just as there are a wide range of problems experienced following disasters, Bonanno and his co­authors observe there are also a number of outcome patterns.Some survivors will exhibit chronic dysfunction (慢性功能障碍) but the majority will go on to recover psychological function within a few months or years.(介入) is Critical Incident Stress Debriefing (CISD) (危机事件应激晤谈)．However, ychologically harmful.

　　“The data on crisis debriefing suggest that imposing such interventions on individuals doesn't work，”Lilienfeld says.揑f some of the miners want to talk to somebody to express their feelings, then by all means mental health profestsionals should be there to listen to them and support them.But for miners who would prefer not to talk much about the experience, it's best to leave them alone and respect their own coping mechanisms (应对机制)．”e are treatments that may be effective in helping survivors recover from disasters.Psychological first aid (PFA) ——which，among other things，provides practical help and helps develop a sense of safety and calmness among survivors——is a promising approach.For example，the community­centered intervention—which helps maintain a sense of connectedness and quality of community life——is beneficial to survivors of disasters.

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