不定式常用在下列动词后作宾补,如:advise,allow,permit,ask,beg,request,enable,cause,encourage,expect,forbid,force,get,teach,tell,command,order,urge,instruct,cause,invite,want,wish,persuade,recommend,warn,oblige等 It’s hard to persuade Dad to give up smoking. 动词不定式作动词feel,hear,listen to,see,watch,notice,observe等感官动词以及have,let,make等使役动词后面的宾语补足语时,不定式符号to要省略。但如果这些句子变成被动结构时,必须带to I heard my neighbour lock the door. I will have all my friends come over this weekend. My neighbour was heard to lock the door. 不词不定式 状 语 动词不定式作状语时,表示目的、结果、原因等 She did all she could to save him.(目的状语) They lifted a rock only to drop it on their own feet.(结果状语) My grandmother lived
to see the liberation of China.(结果状语) 目的状语还可以用in order to或so as to来表示,但so as to不能置于句首,only to do,so...as to do和such...as to do中的不定式均作结果状语 In order to pass the exam,he worked hard. He was so angry as to be unable to speak. 特别提醒: 1.不定式的否定形式的构成: 动词不定式的否定形式是在不定式的符号“to”前直接加上not,有时为了强调也可以用否定词never来否定。 It’s wrong of you not to go to school on time. 2.动词不定式的复合结构。 “for+名词(代词)+不定式”可构成复合结构,它在句中可用作:主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语等。 For a child to do that job is just inconceivable.让一个孩子做这项工作那真是不可思议。 kind,silly,bad,honest,stupid,clever等表示人物特性的形容词后接这种结构时,不用介词for,而用of。例如:It’s very kind of you to do so. 3.不定式to后的内容省略。 有时为了避免重复,可以用to来代替,这种情况常出现在expect,hope,wish,mean,prefer,care,forget,want,try之后;或出现在be glad/happy,would like/love等后面。如果在省略的不定式结构中含有be,have,have been,则这些词要保留。 I haven’t been to Hong Kong,but I wish to. Susan is not what she used to be. 4.当作定语的不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的承受者时,不定式既可用主动语态,也可用被动语态,但其含义有所不同。试比较: Have you got anything to send?你有什么东西要寄吗?(不定式to send的动作执行者是“你”) Have you got anything to be sent?你有什么要(我或别人)寄的东西吗?(不定式to be sent的动作执行者是“我”或“别人”) 5.不定式所修饰的名词或代词和不定式逻辑上构成主谓关系时,不定式往往用主动形式。 Do you have a knife to cut the watermelon with?(A knife cuts the watermelon.) 6.在there be结构中,当说话人考虑的是必须有人去完成某件事时,不定式用主动形式;如果说话人强调的事情本身必须被完成,则用被动形式。 There is a lot of work to do.(Someone has to do the work.) There is a lot of work to be done.(The work has to be done.) 7.在“be+性质形容词+不定式”结构中,不定式用主动形式表示被动含义。常见的形容词有:easy,hard,difficult,interesting,heavy,pleasant,good,fit,comfortable,safe,dangerous,impossible等。 This book is difficult to understand.这本书很难读懂。 This kind of fish is nice to eat.这种鱼很好吃。 Ⅱ.动词ing形式 一、动词ing形式的时态和语态
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