He was so excited as to be unable to speak.

　　The ice is thick enough to walk on.

　　③表示原因，常用于句型：主语＋系动词＋形容词＋to do。

　　I was surprised to find him here.

　　2．v.­ing作状语

　　④表示原因，一般式表示动作与句子谓语动作同时发生；完成式表示动作早于主句动作发生。

　　Having been told the meeting was cancelled, I went home after work.

　　⑤表示时间，其动作在句子谓语动作之前、之后或同时发生均可。

　　While waiting for the train, I had a long talk with Mary.

　　Having finished his homework, Tom went to play basketball.

　　⑥表示方式或伴随情况，常跟在句子后。

　　At the bell of the class, he came running into the classroom.

　　⑦表示结果，跟在句后。

　　The plane crashed, killing all the people on board.

　　⑧表示条件，置于句首或句末。

　　Working hard, you'll succeed one day.

　　⑨表示让步，置于句首或句末。

　　Having been told many times, he still repeated the same mistakes.

　　3．过去分词作状语

　　表示时间

　　When asked her further plans, she said that she wanted to be a nurse.

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