When the devices beeped, the subjects were asked to rate their mood on a 5­point scale,

　　with 2 defined as “very pleasant” and minus 2 defined as “very unpleasant”.

　　On average, the kidney patients rated their mood as 0.70, while the healthy subjects rated

　　it as 0.83.

　　The participants were also asked to describe other emotions they might be feeling, including joy and anxiety, and to describe their levels of physical comfort. And sometimes they were asked, “How do you feel about your life as a whole？”

　　A better understanding of how well people are able to adapt to poor health, the researchers said, could help doctors and patients make wiser choices about their medical care. Earlier studies have also found that seriously ill patients described themselves as being happy.

　　But these patients were not given a chance to answer questions about their mood privately and repeatedly over a period of time, Dr. Riis said, and so it was unclear how accurate their responses were.

　　5．What can be learnt from the study?

　　A．The electronic devices used are digital assistants for dialysis.

　　B．The levels of happiness are little affected by health condition.

　　C．All the subjects are of the same age, race, sex and education.

　　D．Both patients and healthy people overestimate their own happiness.

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