3.2 Peter Newmark’s Semantic and Communicative Translation

　　Peter Newmark puts forward two modes of translation, which are known as communicative translation and semantic translation，in order to narrow the disparity between literal translation and free translation. The former combines the advantages of adaptation, free translation, and idiomatic translation, while the latter contains the merits of word for word translation, literary translation, and faithful translation. According to communicative translation theory, translation is a process of communication which requires the translator to do his best to transfer the source language culture into target language culture. In the process of transplanting a passage on another cultural background, great effort should be made to get the target reader understand and share the same thinking world of the original author. Generally, a communicative translation is likely to be smoother, simpler, clearer, more direct, more conventional, conforming to a particular register of language, tending to undertranslate, i.e. to use more generic, hold-all terms in difficult passages. However, semantic translation attempts to render the semantic and syntactic structures of the second language as closely as possible, which allows the reader to understand the exact contextual meaning of the original. A semantic translation tends to be more complex, more awkward, more detailed, more concentrated, and pursues the thought-processes rather than the intention of the transmitter. It tends to overtranslate, to be more specific than the original, to include more meanings in its search for one nuance of meaning.

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