Axel,58，is a professor of biochemistry and molecular biophysics and pathology at Columbia University in New York.Buck,57，is a member of the US National Academy of Sciences，at the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Centre in Seattle，Washington.

　　They discovered a family of about 1,000 genes that produce a large variety of proteins that sense particular smells.These proteins are found in cells in nose that communicate with the brain.The pair published their work in 1991 after years of experiments.

　　Before Axel and Buck's work，scientists had no idea how many genes might be involved in smell.Nor did they know how those genes behaved inside cells，or how the brain handled the information relayed by nasal cells to create a perception of smell.

　　“Therefore，we can consciously experience the smell of a particular flower in spring and recall this smell memory at other times，” the Nobel foundation said.

　　The work has a range of practical applications：From the development of bettertasting medicines to finding ways to block a mosquito's ability to smell humans.Some of the odor­detecting molecules identified by Axel have been patented by Columbia for commercial applications.

　　The award for medicine opens a week(seven days) of Nobel Prizes that concludes on October 11 with the economics prize.The peace prize will be announced on October 8.The physics award is announced on Tuesday and the chemistry prize will be announced on Wednesday.A date for the literature prize has not been set by the Swedish Academy.

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