①The heavy rain prevented/stopped her (from) going out. = The heavy rain kept her from going out.

　　→She was prevented from going out by the heavy rain.

　　大雨阻止了她出去。

　　②As citizens, we should do what we can to prevent our river ____ .

　　A. from polluted

　　B. from polluting

　　C. polluting

　　D. being polluted

　　D 句意：作为市民，我们应该尽力防止我们的河流被污染。A中from后要加being才对。“河流被污染”表被动，故选D。

　　By 27 BC, Rome had become an empire, which controlled many parts of Europe.

　　到公元前27年，罗马已经成为帝国，控制了欧洲的许多地区。

　　句子中有by +过去时间的时间状语以及by the time +过去时的时间状语从句，谓语动词使用过去完成时。

　　①By the time he was fourteen, Einstein had learned advanced mathematics all by himself.

　　到爱因斯坦14岁时，他已经自学了高等数学。

　　②When I talked with my grandma on the phone, she sounded weak, but by the time we ____ up, her voice had been full of life. (09·北京)

　　A. were hanging

　　B. had hung

　　C. hung

　　D. would hang

　　C 句意：当我与奶奶在电话中交谈时，她的声音听起来很虚弱，但到我们挂断电话时，她的声音已经充满了活力。考查动词时态。据题干her voice had been full of life为过去的过去，因此我们挂断电话为过去的动作。by the time +一般过去时的从句，主句用过去完成时，表示“到……时候为止，已经……”。

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