4 Seciton D
Example Answer
Section E ii
5 Section F
6 Section G
Lateral Thinking
Section A
Inventors have long tried to copy nature. Most, though, have looked to the skies and the land, rather than the sea, for inspiration. And even when they have attempted to imitate marine life, they have tended to consider it through mammalian eyes. Submarines, for example, use the familiar human senses of sight and sound to build images of their surroundings.
Section B
But that is not the way that fish do it. Although fish can see and hear, they also rely a lot on a series of flow sensors strung along the sides of their bodies. These sensors are known as the lateral-line system. To navigate like a fish, it would help to sense like one. And, in research just published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Chang Liu, of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, and his colleagues describe the first attempts to do so.
Section C
A natural lateral-line system consists of about 100 sense cells that run from the gills to the tail on each side of the fish. The cells detect subtle water movements, and from the different times that the individual cells are stimulated by these movements the fishs brain is able to reconstruct an image of what caused them in the first place. Blind a shoaling fish such as a herring and it can still follow its mates. Cut its lateral lines and it rapidly gets lost.
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