industrialized agriculture and also the full benefits of a sustainable ag system.
In the British study, some of those industrial ag externalities evaluated were: water pollution from farm waste, soil nutrients, erosion, and
pesticides; loss of landscape and biodiversity; food-borne diseases; air pollution from gaseous emissions; unnecessary transportation costs of food;human dislocation from rural to urban; rural community decline; poor human diets and obesity, and cost of direct government subsidies.
In his study, the annual costs of these externalities during the 1990s totaled 1.54 billion pounds . Britain had to spend this to deal with the effects of industrial ag, so this cost is a hidden subsidy from the public to polluters, Pretty emphasized.
Some of the sustainable ag benefit he tried to evaluate were: landscape aesthetics, biodiversity, clean water, flood protection, carbon sequestration, rural economy, and community cohesion.
The largest value ascribed to a positive benefits from sustainable ag practices was 14 billion pounds for rural landscape services . In Britain, the annual value for rural tourism outstripped the total value of all the food produced nearly 10-fold.
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